Brownian Motion
Transport which is purely diffusive in nature can be modeled using a Brownian force. This model shows how to add such a force in the Particle Tracing for Fluid Flow physics interface. Particle diffusion in a fluid is modeled with the diffusion equation and the Particle Tracing for Fluid flow interfaces and the results are compared.
Thermophoresis
When a temperature gradient in a gas exists, suspended particles will tend to move from regions of high temperature to low. The force which produces this effect is called the thermophoretic force. Gas molecules colliding with a particle from the hot side have a higher velocity than the cold side, which results in a net force towards cold areas. This effect can be exploited to create thermal ...
Ion Drift Velocity Benchmark
The drift velocity of Ar+ is calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation in which the elastic collisions of Argon ions with ambient neutrals are explicitly modeled. The model uses energy-dependent collision cross-section data from experiment. The average ion velocity values are consistent with experimental data over a wide range of reduced electric field magnitudes. This agreement suggests that ...
Ion Cyclotron Motion
This model computes the trajectory of an ion in a uniform magnetic field using the Newtonian, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations available in the Mathematical Particle Tracing interface.
Laminar Static Particle Mixer Designer
In static mixers, a fluid is pumped through a pipe containing stationary mixing blades. This mixing technique is well suited for laminar flow mixing, because it generates only small pressure losses in this flow regime. When a fluid is pumped through the channel, the alternating directions of the cross-sectional blades mix the fluid as it passes along the length of the channel. The static mixing ...
Ideal Cloak
This model demonstrates the use of optical tracing for studying optically large gradient-index structures with anisotropic optical properties. Additionally, the model introduces a smoothing technique for handling discontinuities of refractive index on curved surfaces, which are typical in conventional optical devices such as lenses.
Quadrupole Mass Filter
A quadrupole mass filter (QMF) is a key component of a modern mass spectrometer. A QMF uses direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) electric fields to analyze positive or negative ions by mass to charge ratio. A QMF consists of 4 parallel rods spaced equidistantly, the ratio of the rod radius to the radius of the inscribed circle is 1.148. Opposite pairs of rods are electrically ...
Rotating Galaxy
This tutorial model shows how to add customized particle-particle interaction forces. In this example the gravitational force between 2500 stars in a galaxy is modeled. The galaxy initially rotates as a rigid body, then begins to change shape due to gravitational forces.
Ion Range Benchmark
The Ion Range Benchmark model simulates the passage of energetic protons through silicon with both ionization losses and nuclear scattering. The initial energy of the protons is varied using a parametric sweep from 1 keV to 100 MeV. The average path length of the protons is compared to published values of the ion range under the continuous slowing down approximation (CSDA) as well as the ...
Ion Funnel
An electrodynamic ion funnel provides an efficient means of transferring ions from regions of high pressure to high vacuum. The ion funnel can couple devices which generally operate at pressures of different orders of magnitude, such as ion mobility spectrometers and mass spectrometers, allowing mixtures of ionized gases to be separated and analyzed while minimizing losses. This model ...
